Property Equity and trust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property Equity and trust - Essay Example Most civilizations are moving away from the government-sponsored tenure systems. This change means that the government initiatives to provide the legally binding property rights fail to meet the needs of the locals. This paper discusses the factors that contribute to the changes in legal property ownership and the implications of such changes on the socio-economic and legal systems. For the purpose of this paper, a property is defined as either immobile, fixed assets or mobile assets that can be valued in economic terms and that which provides a sense of wealth to the owner. Property rights define the control that particular individuals in the society have over assets, the profits gained from the assets and the residual rights over such property. An ideal property right must be secure and easily defensible within the court system. The security the individuals obtain from property rights is subject to the stability and predictability of such rights. However, there are various informal constraints to legal property ownership such as gender definitions and assignments. These informal limitations inevitably affect legal access to the property since they are not flexible or responsive to formal changes (Engels 112). It is evident that the socio-cultural ways are not bound to change completely at once despite the economic pressures from formal sectors such as gender equity and affirmative action to improve the property access rights of the females. The formal laws are antagonistic to the informal property rights resulting in instability of such formal rights. Due to the instability, individuals have opted to a privatized property ownership, which offers comparatively stable property ownership rights. Taking the example of the land ownership in Africa, it can be determined that the imposition of formal private property rights by the government is sometimes conflict

Nike Responses Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Nike Responses Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Background: Nike is the leading company in sports and fitness fields and located near Beaverton, Oregon (CSRwire, 2012). In 1998, The New York Times exposed that Nike paid workers in China and Vietnam less than two American dollars a day. The aim of this report is to search how Nike response Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Theory: There are five dimensions of corporate social responsibility: physical environment, social (community), consumer, supply chain, and employee relation. ‘Corporate social responsibility is encompasses not only what company do with their profits but also how they make them. It goes beyond philanthropy and compliance and addresses how companies manage their economic, social, and environmental impacts, as well as their relationships in all key spheres of influence: the workplace, the marketplace, the supply chain, the community, and the public policy realm. ’(HARVARD Kennedy School, 2008) Corporate social responsibility Physical environment The chart from Nike Corporate Responsibility Report in 2012 showed the total emission volume of CO2 (Million Tonnes), which is the major element that causes the global warming. As can be seen from this table, the emission of CO2 from 2003 to 2009 is significantly lower than it of year 1997-98. To create a sustainable market, Nike’ fabric suppliers produce jerseys based on used plastic bottles from landfill sites in Japan and Taiwan and a design tool which cost Nike seven years and six million dollars to help designers to reduce the impact on environment. In 2011, Nike doubled its use on recycled plastic bottles, which were 82 million bottles. (CSRwire, 2012) Community The table shows that total community investment increased dramatically from 2004 to 2009 and in 2007, Nike estimated that it would support 315million dollar to the community (Nike corporate responsibility report, 2009). In 2007, Nike awarded 1million dollar to help schools, which were in finance problem and a Jordan Fundamental Program was set up to give finance support to the educators who have a significant achievement (CSRwire, 2012). In 1999, Jordan Fundamental Program aid more than eight million dollars on lunch program in public secondary school for teachers. (CSRwire, 2012). In 2007, Nike joined the United Nation Refugee Agency and raised 2 million dollar in the first year to support refugee youth education and sports. Nike also sold T-shirt associated with refugee to raise global awareness and capital. (CSRwire, 2012). Nike also had a Partnership with the Lance Armstrong Foundation that aim to encourage people who suffered cancer. (CSRwire, 2012) Consumer Nike issued the Privacy Policy, which include how they collect and use information through different kind of digital devices and what kind of information they will gather. For instance, If a person use a computer and access the Nike website to purchase Nike product or register personal information, the Privacy Policy will protect this customer. And it also help parent to supervise their children, such as parental control tools. (Privacy Policy) According to the news on FOX 59 WXIN, Nike delayed the release of Foamposite Galaxy shoes because of the safety problem of this pair of new shoes. Supply chain ‘The contractor does not use forced labor, including prison labor†¦Employees are age16 or older†¦Contractor’s employees are not subject to discrimination in employment†¦Contractor’s employees are timely paid at least minimum wage required by country law. Working hours are not excessive. Working place is healthy and safe†¦ the Code is fully implemented’ In 2005, Nike was the first company that listed the location of more than 800 contractors publicly, and the location can be seen from the Manufacturing Map on Nike official website. Employee relation In terms of sexual discrimination, the table indicates that 40-percent female and 60-percent male administrators are in Nike in 2009. From 2007 to 2009, the difference between male and female declined steadily. In 2009, Nike hired more women than men in Europe, the Middle East, and in the U.S. (Nike corporate responsibility report, 2009). According to the survey done by CNNMoney, paid vacation, onsite childcare, job sharing program and telecommuting are provided to employees by Nike. Conclusion Nike reduce the emission of greenhouse gas and use recycled plastic to produce products, support community to help schools and refugees, issue Privacy Policy and Code of Conduct to protect consumers and set standard to its supply chain and decline gender discrimination and promote working condition for employees.

survival trip :: essays research papers

this paper is what to use on a survival trip. there are some things that you could add to it or take away if you feel needed Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work SundHey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzay. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzto check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzoff! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindz -Food- Item will you be there? hello hi how are you where are you are you there? 1. Water Why: you would Die without it 2. Animal crackers Why: Energy cookies crackers 3. Egg noodles Why: Energy 4. White rice Why: Energy 5. Choc. Chip Cookies Why: Energy 6. Sunflower seeds Why: Energy -Supplies- 1.Batteries Why: Power 2. Flashlight Why: Light to see 3. Sleeping bags Why: Stay warm 4. Matches Why: Light fire 5. Bandages Why: Heal ourselves 6.Asprin Why: Help pain 7. Compass Why: Keep us in the right direction 8. Pants Why: Clothing 9. Shirts Why: Clothing 10. Socks Why: Clothing 11. Jackets Why: Keep warm 12. Hiking boots Why: Keep feet dry 13. Hat Why: Keep head warm 14. Poncho Why: Stay dry 15. Anti-bacterial soap Why: stay germ free 16. Sunscreen Why: Protect skin survival trip :: essays research papers this paper is what to use on a survival trip. there are some things that you could add to it or take away if you feel needed Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night Hey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work SundHey.. I IMed you but you put your away message on then you got off! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzay. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzto check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindzoff! Just email me back and tell me what you wanted to talk about. I won't be home all day Saturday and I work Sunday. I'll get on here Sunday night to check my mail! Later tater tot! Have a good weekend! Lindz -Food- Item will you be there? hello hi how are you where are you are you there? 1. Water Why: you would Die without it 2. Animal crackers Why: Energy cookies crackers 3. Egg noodles Why: Energy 4. White rice Why: Energy 5. Choc. Chip Cookies Why: Energy 6. Sunflower seeds Why: Energy -Supplies- 1.Batteries Why: Power 2. Flashlight Why: Light to see 3. Sleeping bags Why: Stay warm 4. Matches Why: Light fire 5. Bandages Why: Heal ourselves 6.Asprin Why: Help pain 7. Compass Why: Keep us in the right direction 8. Pants Why: Clothing 9. Shirts Why: Clothing 10. Socks Why: Clothing 11. Jackets Why: Keep warm 12. Hiking boots Why: Keep feet dry 13. Hat Why: Keep head warm 14. Poncho Why: Stay dry 15. Anti-bacterial soap Why: stay germ free 16. Sunscreen Why: Protect skin

Public Speaking Abilities of Adolf Hitler and Barack Obama Essay

Great speakers are categorized mainly on two agendas. They either reason with great aptitude and strength, or they touch on the realistic aspect of people’s daily lives and speak from the heart. Often, most speakers try to employ both techniques or mix the two on one idea. Any way an individual looks at it, the effects of public speaking is enormous. The power of speeches is often reflected in coming revolutions and revolts. Public speaking by good speakers often drives society (Osborn, 2008). They direct the vision and incite feelings into masses. They help awaken a dead public and bring about social change. Speeches by famous state leaders such Roosevelt, and their quotes such as â€Å"Ask not what the country can do for you, but what you can do for your country† spiraled the American nation out of recession and gave a sense of hope to the general public. They instill motivation, inspiration and hope into entire nations that spell positive change in society as a whole (Osborn, 2008). However, if speeches go wrong they can bring nations to collapse. Bad speeches result in loss of faith in leadership or the credibility of the speaker. Thus, the topic losses argument and drives people in the opposite direction. This can have an enormous effect on the outcome of whatever is to be achieved through a speech. Bad speeches often tilt audiences to the other side which is not desired by the speaker (Osborn, 2008). Devising good speeches: When writing speeches, authors must keep in mind the following (Osborn, 2008): 1) Analyzing the audience 2) The main purpose of the speech 3) Brainstorming 4) Outline 5) Create a conversation 6) Involve the audience 7) Delivery Though these simple factors seem common in all speeches they are often the most commonly disregarded. The first step of devising a good speech is to keep in mind the audience that you are speaking to (Osborn, 2008). A professional will not go and use technical jargon in a class of 6th graders. He will have to adjust the speech because the main emphasis is communication. To make sure communication happens in the best manner possible; analyzing the audience is the most important point of a speech. The main purpose of the speech is what the writer wishes to talk about. It could be a particular topic or subject or a social issue that he wishes to communicate to the public in some way (Osborn, 2008). Knowing what the main purpose of the speech is, the speaker clearly defines their role and boundaries. Thus, the speech is more directed and substantiated with relevant material. Brainstorming is technique used to generate ideas for a particular topic. To gather relevant information about a topic or things a speaker might be able to mention in his or her speech, brainstorming is crucial. The outline development gives the speech organizational structure. The beginning, the middle and the end of the speech are clearly defined which help the speaker deliver the speech in a directed flow rather than a haphazard manner (Osborn, 2008). This is crucial to make sure one important point in the speech is followed by another to strengthen arguments being made. Creating a conversation is often crucial in public speaking. The fact is that when you’re dealing with the public, you have to be the public (Henderson, 2007)! If the speech is to influence a segment of the population or leave an effect, having a conversation with the audience rather than simply speaking will leave a much more significant impact on the listeners (Henderson, 2007). Involving the audience is an extension of creating a conversation. By keeping the audience involved in the speech and related specific points to the relevance of the audience, speakers often employ this to gain attention (Jaffe, 2006). Similarly, rhetorical questions are asked to make the audience ponder over the point being discussed and to awaken them from their possible slumber. Finally, the delivery stage is crucial. How a person will plan the physical message, the visual message and the vocal message is essential (Zeole, 2008). The tone of voice, the level of aggression and the way the speaker speaks leaves an impact on the audience. Thus, concrete facts or those that the speaker wishes to lay emphasis on should be made in a different tone of voice then ordinary points. Similarly, the style by which a speaker speaks is also crucial to gaining attention of the audience. Without attention from the audience the basic aim of communication is in disarray (Zarefsky, 2007). Adolph Hitler: With all the negativity attached to Hitler, one thing that he accomplished quite significantly was his ability to speak. His public speaking skills managed to arose the emotions of an entire nation. He was able to accomplish what his main aim was, to gain the support of the people (Moore, 2006). Hitler used to make many pauses between his speeches. Whenever he started a speech he would always pause and give the audience time to recognize him. Thus, creating an impression on the public always (Domarus, 2007). He followed that with hand movements which are still recognized today! His ability to change the tone of his voice during speeches was incredible. He would speak silently on some issues perhaps even whisper. While on others he would yell at the top of his lungs. The rate at which he spoke was also under his control entirely. Often a time he would speak faster and other times slower to solidify his arguments. He could easily relate the speech to his audience by talking about visual concrete things such as country, land, and the people. More than just mere abstractions. His ability to make use of repetition to strengthen his points was uncanny. He would repeat the same point under different vocabulary to strengthen his arguments (Domarus, 2004). Furthermore, Hitler always spoke on specific topics. He never let the topic of the speech go broad and thus laid more emphasis and excited more feelings when the topic was a narrow one (Domarus, 2004). Finally, the eye contact which he kept with the audience kept the audience actively involved in the speech. His emotional ploys would be the focus rather than just reasoning alone. He fought a speech at a very emotional level with the audience. Barrack Obama: When we talk of Barrack Obama, we know that he won the presidential elections of America. No doubt his convincing and persuasive style of speaking had a role in his victory. To get votes you must be able to influence. Barrack Obama strengths as a speaker is clear. His first emphasis is generally on content. By stating the problem, building up the situation with detail, who is to blame, and then creating and delivery a situation shows great organizational structure of his speeches. The audience understands the message on a step by step basis (Leane, 2008). His use of repetition, metaphors, and descriptive language gain the attention of the audience significantly and helps relate the topic under discussion to the audience. Furthermore, his style of delivery is of particular importance. His ability to gain trust of the audience by being honest and straight with the audience has led to a perception about him that has developed through his delivery style (Leane, 2008). His tone of voice, the speed and the pauses he uses are quite significant in his persuasive speeches. Often when nearing an important point, Obama is seen to start speaking faster and in a louder tone (Leane, 2008). His employment of pauses between various points gives the audiences a chance to ponder over what he is exactly saying and absorb it. These factors bring about a greater intensity in his speeches. Comparison between Hitler and Obama: As clearly evident from the above two paragraphs, both speakers had certain similar qualities in terms of public speaking. 1) Both employ the use of repetition, and tone of voice changes. 2) Both describe events in a descriptive manner rather than abstract 3) Both speakers use emotions to relate to the audience 4) Managed to create a bond between themselves and the public. References: Beebe, Stephen (2005). Public Speaking: An Audience-Centered Approach. Allyn & Bacon. Domarus, Max (2004). Hitler: Speeches and Proclamations, 1932-1945–The Chronicle of a Dictatorship. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Domarus, Max (2007). The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. Henderson, Roy (2007). There’s No Such Thing as Public Speaking: Make Any Presentation or Speech as Persuasive as a One-on-OneConversation. Prentice Hall Press. Jaffe, Clella (2006). Public Speaking: Concepts and Skills for a Diverse Society. Wadsworth Publishing. Leane, Shelly (2008). Say It Like Obama: The Power of Speaking with Purpose and Vision. McGraw-Hill. Moore, Sara (2006). HOW HITLER CAME TO POWER. AuthorHorse. Osborn, Michael (2008). Public Speaking. Allyn & Bacon. Zarefsky, David (2007). Public Speaking: Strategies for Success. Allyn & Bacon. Zeole, Richard (2008). The 7 Principles of Public Speaking. Skyhorse Publishing.

Water Pollution Levels Turning Deadly in Punjab

Punjab, which is one of the richest states in India, is battling acute water pollution, particularly attributed to chemical toxicity. There has been an increase in the number of deaths due to cancer in the Malwa region, which has sent shock waves throughout the state. Remember, Erin Brockovich? This is a classic real life case in Punjab for us to delve into. Water Pollution: Harmful Contribution from Factories. A known environment law activist Sant Balbir Singh Seechewal, the man who brought to life so many rivers in the Majha area, stated that anti-pollution laws stay in the newspapers only and very little efforts are taken to prevent water and air pollution. According to Seechewal, there are many harmful chemicals, such as cyanide, that are flowing into the rivers, mostly from factories situated in Ludhiana, Jalandhar and Phagwara. Due to this, drinking water sources have become polluted and resulted in widespread prevalence of diseases like cancer in the Malwa region and the adjoining areas in Rajasthan. Read this â€Å"The Secrets of Haiti’s Living Dead† In Muktsar, you can just find the depressing statistics in the home district of the Punjab Chief Minister, Parkash Singh Badal. There were 1,074 deaths due to cancer between 2001 and November 2009. In Lambi, Badal’s home constituency, there were 211 cancer deaths during the same period. Water Pollution: Shocking Levels of Uranium Content in Water in Punjab Don’t be shocked by the information given on water pollution in Punjab as there is much more. In March 2009, Dr Carin Smit, a South African toxicologist, sent hair samples of mentally-ill children from Malwa region to Germany’s Microtrace Mineral Lab. On June 13, 2010, the lab reported high levels of uranium in these samples. Dr Carin Smit stated, â€Å"The hair results are surprising. We expected an arsenic exposure. Instead, over 80% of adult and children, many of which are suffering from cerebral palsy and mental retardation, showed pathological levels for uranium. † The report is surprising as there is no apparent source of uranium in the state. Executive director, Kheti Virasat Mission (KVM), Umendra Dutt stated, â€Å"with studies indicating high levels of uranium in hair samples, the situation is indeed alarming. Water Pollution: Uranium Content Exceeds Safe Limit Suggested by WHO In 2009, V D Puranik, who is heading the environmental assessment division of Bhaba Atomic Research Center, filed a report stating 2. 2-244. 2 micro grams of uranium content in one litre water sample that was brought from the Malwa region. Let’s not forget, the safe limit suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO) is 15 microg ram per litre. The person in charge of Baba Farid Center for Special Children in Faridkot Pritpal, Singh said that three samples surpassed the limit of 60 micrograms uranium per litre set by the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB). Final Legal Take Away Tip: Punjab, a state that ushered in the Green Revolution and has been nourishing most parts of the country, is now suffering the ill effects of water pollution. Toxic material in water can migrate to hundreds of farms, homes, schools and places where people can die or suffer due to its exposure. Remember, Erin Brockovich? What we need is legal awareness and initiatives to be taken on priority so that the state government can save lives it is too late.

The Laws of Motion and the Scientific Revolution essays

The Laws of Motion and the Scientific Revolution essays "The Scientific Revolution was a major milestone for the mental evolution of man." The new astronomy that came about during the Scientific Revolution changed many thoughts and methods in society. The Scientific Revolution was during the 16th and 17th centuries, right after the Reformation. The church felt threatened by the new astronomy during this period. The new astronomy during 16th and 17th centuries had many contributions from people, and it changed the scientific thought and methods of man. The people that made the biggest contributions to the changing of thought and method were: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Sir Isaac Newton. The Scientific Revolution was such a major milestone for mankind because it "changed the way people looked at the world of nature and man." Nicolaus Copernicus formulated algebraic calculations that brought forth the source for the new origin of the world, and mans position in it. This changed the way that man viewed his existence in the universe. Copernicus' theory of the universe differed from Ptolemy's theory in that the sun was in the middle of the universe and not the Earth. The Catholic Church did not believe in this theory and forbade anyone from believing it. At this time in history, the church did not have near the scientific advances that we have today. They were just beginning to expand on new horizons; the church needed to be opened to the new, out of the ordinary ideas that were being formulated at the time. The church couldn't rely on the stats scientists found; instead, they looked for more substantial proof. For example, when Copernicus used his telescope to study the universe and come up with his heliocentric theory. The church didn't agree because there wasn't enough evidence. Copernicus' revelations were the basis of modern astronomy. Copernicus's theories built the foundation of the new astronomy for the 16th and 17th centuries. "Galileo Galilei is considered ...

Miss Julie essays

Miss Julie essays In Miss Julie, by August Strindberg wrote about the naturalistic view of human behavior. He symbolizes the behavior through animal imagery. The animal image Strindberg uses helps him exemplify his naturalistic view. The first animal imagery Strindberg uses is the dog. Jean uses the dog imagery to describe to Kristen how Miss Julie made her ex-fianc act before the break-up. Why, she was making him jump over her riding whip the way you teach a dog to jump. A dog is mans best friend only because a dog is an extremely loyal animal. Having Jean compare what Miss Julies did to her ex-fianc with what some one would do to a dog shows Miss Julies drive to be the dominant one or the master. Strindberg again uses the imagery of a dog when he has Miss Julie say, dog who wears my collar to Jean. Miss Julie feels that her social status is so much superior to that of Jean that their relationship could be compared to that of a master and his dog. The dog imagery in the play is also used to demonstrate the difference in social classes. In the play Miss Julies dog, Diana, is impregnated by the lodge-keepers pug. Kristen demonstrates Miss Julies disgust when she says; She almost had poor Diana shot for running after the lodge-keepers pug. The sexual affair between the dogs also represents the sexual affair between Jean and Miss Julie and how the two of them look down on each other. Jean looks down on Miss Julie for being surprisingly easy to obtain. While Miss Julie looks down on Jean for being a servant of hers and of a lower social class. In the play Miss Julie says that she would have killed Jean like a wild beast and Jean goes on to compare it to the killing of a mad dog. Jean comparing himself to a mad dog also shows how Miss Julie feels that Jean is a sick animal and deserves to die. Like the imagery of the dog Strindberg uses the imagery of a horse. Jean says ...

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist

What You Need to Know About Being a Dental Hygienist There’s more to a bright, healthy smile than flossing- a great dental hygienist has a hand in that too. Hygienists are licensed dental health professionals who work in dentists’ offices, providing patient care and administrative support. They often perform clinical procedures like cleanings, and work with patients to maintain good oral health long after the appointment. The Day-to-DayDental hygienists can be found in a variety of settings, from private dental clinics to public health agencies to specialized healthcare settings like nursing homes and prisons. This is typically a 9-to-5-style job, but may require flexible hours depending on the setting. Many hygienists work full-time, while others choose part-time.Wherever they work, dental hygienists usually treat patients directly, under the supervision of dentists or nurses. They perform tasks like examining patients, reviewing patient histories, removing plaque and stains from teeth, processing x-rays, running diagnos tic tests for the dentist to analyze, educating patients on dental care and follow-up, and offering pre- or post-surgery care.For more on what it’s like to be a dental hygienist, check out this video: The SKiNNY on Dental HygienistsThe RequirementsDental hygienists need to graduate from an accredited dental hygiene program, with an associate’s degree or higher (approximately three years of study). In addition, all states require that practicing dental hygienists pass an exam and become licensed, though the specific requirements vary by state.Read more about licensing and state requirements at the American Dental Hygienist Association.The SkillsThe dental hygiene field calls for a number of special skills and knowledge bases, including:Attention to detailInterpersonal skillsCommunication skillsPatient care techniquesEquipment knowledge and everyday useDiagnostic/analytical skillsClinical knowledgeMany of these can be developed through hygienist education and training pr ograms.The PayThis is a pretty lucrative Allied Health field. Per the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), the median salary for dental hygienists is $71,520, or $34.38 per hour.The OutlookLicensed dental hygienists will continue to be in hot demand, especially as public and community health initiatives grow. The BLS expects that the field will grow by at least 19% by 2024, much faster than average.If you’re interested in helping patients achieve and maintain that beautiful smile, the dental hygienist career path could be the one for you!Interested? APPLY HERE

The relationship between polar bears, antarctic ice sheet, sea level Essay

The relationship between polar bears, antarctic ice sheet, sea level rise and humans - Essay Example The research found variation in the extent of loss of ice in various regions of the continent of Antarctica. It was found that nearly all of the loss of ice happened in the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet. In another research, the volume of ice in Antarctica and Greenland was examined from 1992 to 2002 with the help of satellite radar altimetry. This study verified the findings of the previous study discussed above. Many species of animals are totally dependent upon the pack ice conditions. For polar bears, pack ice of the sea is the source of food and the place to live in. If the existing rate of melting of ice sustains for few more years, loss of ice in the sea will be sufficient to cause an altogether extinction of the polar bears. There has been some consideration about relocating them to Antarctica, but this would have its own repercussions. The drastic shifting might endanger the life of other Antarctic species along with that of the polar bears. Life of polar bears is endangered b y the rapidly melting ice in the sea which is fundamentally happening because of an overall rise in the temperature of Earth caused by the global warming.

Politics short answers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics short answers - Essay Example The Afghan government sought to reassert its position. The second level is similar to the first since it states the parties involved. The parties involved were the Taliban and the American forces. The Taliban is an Islamic extremist outfit that perpetuated terror. The American forces were the forces to crush the extremist outfit. The third level is the system. There are two systems in this conflict. The first system is the Taliban system. This is an extremist system that operates based on religious values. The extremist believe that their attacks are sacred hence; they are not bound by moral values. The American forces seem as agents of democracy. They are out to deliver Afghanistan from the bondage of a terrorist outfit. An ethnic group is a community that have the same religion, language or culture while a nation is a large community that contain people of diverse racial background, language and culture. Nations are recognized internationally while ethnic groups are constituents of nations. The diverse people integrate to form a state, although the cultural and ethnic differences may affect a country significantly. A security dilemma is a situation where a nation is reluctant to undertake certain action since they are cautious of the consequences. This result in a period of indecision in which the possible outcomes are evaluated

Explain the role of government in economic matters for each Research Paper

Explain the role of government in economic matters for each subculture. Should the government be regulator or supporter Why - Research Paper Example The first of these which will be discussed is that of the individualistic approach. This can be defined as an approach to governance that places a high level of emphasis upon the predicate that the government should be restricted to allowing a high degree of private initiative. Although not strictly speaking a libertarian interpretation of the government’s responsibility to the system and vice versa, it is perhaps one of the more libertarian viewpoints of government’s role within society. Ultimately, within this context, government is seen to have a strictly utilitarian purpose ot maximize efficiency without allowing any firm of waste or bureaucracy to drain the productive energies that would otherwise result. Conversely, a traditionalistic political culture best describes a type of political culture that prizes family ties more than the other two which will be enumerated upon. Whereas the individualistic approach tries to minimize the role that government may play within society and or the community, the traditionalistic approach seeks to place a positive role that government can and should integrate with in regards to the community. Whereas other approaches place a great degree of emphasis on a particular determinant, the traditionalistic approach is no different in this respect as it places the highest degree of emphasis on seeking to engage the government in the task of maintaining the social order that is already in existence. In this way, this type of view is inherently conservative as it attempts to maintain the status quo via the utilization of governmental power. Similarly, the last form of political culture that will herein be enumerated upon is that of the moralistic political culture. As the name implies, this particular approach places a very high degree of importance on seeking to utilize the government as a â€Å"positive force† within

Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Edgar Allan Poe - Essay Example As Quinn (119) states, at the age of 18 Poe joined the United States army claiming that he was 22 years old and served there for two years. He released his first book of poetry named ‘Tamerlane and Other Poems’, relying on his salaries from the army. However the book got little noticed in the market. Frank (5) illustrates Poe’s biography that in 1829 when he was 20 years old, Poe enlisted in the west point military academy but unfortunately got dismissed just after one year; again in 1831 he moved to Baltimore where his aunt Eliza Clemm had lived. From there, he fell in love with his young cousin Virginia whom he married later. This marriage and thereby increased family obligations influenced him to think about a new income source. In 1833 he won a contest for his story ‘MS found in a Battle’. As described in the article ‘Edgar Allan Poe’ on www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/130 , Poe enthusiastically accepted the post of an editor as well as contributor of the Southern Literary Messenger. Subsequently, he worked with other publications such as Gentleman’s Magazine, Graham’s Magazine, Evening Mirror and Godey’s Lady’s Book; and it was the starting point of his career as an appreciated critic and essayist.

BUSINESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

BUSINESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Secondly, it was supposed to be completed in 2001 and ended up being completed in late 2004 after a prior completion period of 2005 had been rescinded and pushed back to that time in 2004. The building was to play host to a total of 129 members of the Scottish parliament and more than 1000 workers as well as civil servants. Its building and construction had been controversial right from the start. The points of controversy lay with the location choice, the design, the architect and the entire construction; everything was fully criticised. An enquiry into why the project took that long was construed and determined that the project was all flawed right from the start to the end in terms of management, finance, competence of the project management and many other aspects and issues. The location details are to it that the building was supposed to be erected on a 1.6 ha piece of land and located just 1 km east of the city of Edinburg. The Spanish architect sought a design that was representative of the national identity. This issue of design was the beginning of the project problems given that the design was delivered late and not in line with the requirements of the project previous historical requirements. Suffice is to say, what was discovered was a complex non-hierarchical low lying, organic collection of buildings that intended to integrate the environment and Scottish people. The building was later found out to be a complex of several buildings with varying designs of architecture including a section providing accommodation for the members of parliament, their staff and researchers. Many features were attached to the building and this made it very expensive attracting critical acclaim from the people and other leaders including some members of parliament t hat used it. The estimation cost of the building was put to the bar way back in 1997 before the ideal construction started. However, it was noted

Lesson plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Lesson plan - Essay Example The teacher sets the sounds to be listened to by learners and allow learners to imitate the sounds. The teacher allows learners to ask him questions concerning clarity to what they have leaned. After clarification the teacher pose some questions to the learners and learners response shows the extend to which the concept taught have been mastered. Assignments to be given to each learner to evaluate the objectives of the lesson. Assignment should be administered both in groups and individually to determine the areas that are okay and some that need revision. Finally, the teacher performs an evaluation to determine how much the lesson objectives have been achieved and those that are not fully met in order to improve in future. Both formative and summative evaluation be used in evaluating students mastery of the concepts learnt. for instance, assigning them vocabularies to use in a composition hence putting what they have leant into practice. Also giving learners certain words to research on how they are supposed to be

BUSINESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

BUSINESS PROJECT MANAGEMENT - Assignment Example Secondly, it was supposed to be completed in 2001 and ended up being completed in late 2004 after a prior completion period of 2005 had been rescinded and pushed back to that time in 2004. The building was to play host to a total of 129 members of the Scottish parliament and more than 1000 workers as well as civil servants. Its building and construction had been controversial right from the start. The points of controversy lay with the location choice, the design, the architect and the entire construction; everything was fully criticised. An enquiry into why the project took that long was construed and determined that the project was all flawed right from the start to the end in terms of management, finance, competence of the project management and many other aspects and issues. The location details are to it that the building was supposed to be erected on a 1.6 ha piece of land and located just 1 km east of the city of Edinburg. The Spanish architect sought a design that was representative of the national identity. This issue of design was the beginning of the project problems given that the design was delivered late and not in line with the requirements of the project previous historical requirements. Suffice is to say, what was discovered was a complex non-hierarchical low lying, organic collection of buildings that intended to integrate the environment and Scottish people. The building was later found out to be a complex of several buildings with varying designs of architecture including a section providing accommodation for the members of parliament, their staff and researchers. Many features were attached to the building and this made it very expensive attracting critical acclaim from the people and other leaders including some members of parliament t hat used it. The estimation cost of the building was put to the bar way back in 1997 before the ideal construction started. However, it was noted

The effectiveness of SSL and Certification authentication and how can Research Paper

The effectiveness of SSL and Certification authentication and how can the client be better protected - Research Paper Example Clients deserve to know how their personal information is being stored and what it being done to protect their information from getting into the wrong hands. To this end, the SSL and Certificate Authentication processes have been developed and refined over the years to better protect the client and enhance the security of information stored digitally and electronically via the Internet and other mediums (Alnatheer, 2014). The problem is that the Internet is increasingly becoming a place where the transmission of private information, such as credit card data, is a potentially dangerous activity that could result in the data being intercepted by hackers that would seek to do harm. The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the concepts of the secure socket layer (SSL) and certificate authentication in order to determine how the client can be better protected. The objective is to determine how this technology is currently being utilized to make the transmission of electronic data via the Internet safer and more secure, while also looking at potential barriers to security that must be addressed moving forward. Failure to address these important issues will undermine the very integrity of the Internet and potentially lead to a general populace that is leery of trusting Web sites with their most private and confidential of information. Research questions are invaluable to the researcher in terms of guiding hi or her in the proper direction, in addition to working to ensure that the project remains focused and relevant to the reader. In consideration of this, this particular study has several main questions that, when answered, will lead to the conclusions that form the basis for chapter 5. This will enable the reader to effectively ascertain the need to keep clients safe when transmitting information online, and how SSL and certificate authentication can help to make this possible. Authentication Certificate - Digital certificate

Capital Budgeing Case Study Essay Example for Free

Capital Budgeing Case Study Essay There are at least six capital budgeting tools a firm can use in analyzing a capital expenditure. They are: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), profitability index (PI), payback period (PB), discounted payback period (DRP), and modified internal rate of return (MIRR). This case study will focus mainly on NPV and IRR, in addition to the remaining four capital budgeting tools. Net Present Value (NPV) The NPV of an investment proposal for a project is the same as the† present value of its annual free cash flows less the investment’s initial outlay† (Keown, Martin Petty, p. 310, 2014). Before calculating the NPV you must first forecast the projected revenue for the life of the project to obtain the net cash flow figures. This involves accountants and analysts crunching numbers based on many factors such as the economy, supply and demand, competition, and how the company plans on carrying out the project (University of Phoenix, 2013). NPV looks at the present value of the benefits minus the present value of the costs. You also need a discount rate; it is normally the cost of capital. The cost of capital is used because a firm wants the project to at a minimum make more than what capital is now costing the firm to run its business. The rule for NPV is if the value is greater than or equal to zero the project is accepted (Keown, Martin Petty, p. 310, 2014). After completing a five year projected income statement and a five year projected cash flow from the capital budgeting case study for corporation A and B, this information was used to calculate the NPV for each corporation. Corporation A’s NPV= $2,025 and B’s is NPV= $3,293. Both NPV’s are equal or greater than zero so both projects are a go, but corporation B has a greater NPV, making it a better choice if based on NPV alone (University of Phoenix, 2013). Internal Rate of Return (IRR)

Social Policy Essays Structural Consensus

Social Policy Essays Structural Consensus Welfare, the Individual, and Inequalities: A Structural Consensus Evaluation Using the two competing welfare ideologies of conservatism and marxism,and their different assumptions concerning the individual and inequalities. critically evaluate aspects of social policy using structural consensus theory. Many view the maturity of a government or civilization in relation to how that community treats its most needy citizens. The UK government became a welfare state in the 1940s, (Taylor-Gooby 2004). There has recently been a shift in views on many aspects of welfare, with the future of many government programmes, or at least their scope, in question. The government and communitys struggle to improve the welfare system can be considered in light of two of the more prominent social ideologies, Marxism and conservatism. Both have strong opinions on welfare as a part of society, the role of the individual within such society, and how inequalities should be best addressed. These views are addressed more completely, however, by structural consensus theory. Marxism sees human history as a class struggle, with oppressor and oppressed wrestling for control. The dominant class controls and owns the means of production or wealth generation, and the working class in therefore controlled by them. Welfare is a result of the strength of working-class resistance to exploitation, a concession the dominant class must make to maintain social order (Anon 2005). Programmes such as welfare and pensions help to legitimise the capitalist system with the working class. Welfare then becomes another vehicle for power and control by the dominant class. Its purpose is to placate rather than empower the poor, and seeks to reduce the individual to a state of dependency on those in power (Anon 2005). According to Marxist theory, society has unfolded in a series of ever-progressing and better structures, as defined by their economic development and modes of production, from the primitive communal to slave-based to feudal to capitalist. The final stage was communism. This was predicted to be the best possible means of governance and structure of society, one that would erase inequalities and allow individuals to achieve their full potential and value within their community (Anon 2005). While communism has faded, at least as it was practised in the Soviet Union and similar countries, socialist ideas have strongly pervaded capitalist ideology, leading to the development of the capitalist welfare state common today. Marxism viewed the individual as part of a collective organism, society. Inequalities in society resulted from distinction in classes, not particular individual decisions or behaviours. Conflict was between these classes, and rooted in struggle for power. Only when class distinctions were eliminated could individuals experience equality, although the theory still views them as part of a greater collective (Taylor-Gooby 2004). Marxism assumes the individual can and will contribute to the greater community as much as they are able, and will be motivated by the common good. When society has evolved or elevated itself to this place, inequalities will be dealt with appropriately (Anon 2005). Important ideas of Marxist theory that relate to the current welfare system are the states responsibility to provide for its members and the need for redistribution of wealth. The idea of entitlement, that one must be provided for simply because one is a British citizen, is in keeping with these two ideas (Timmins 2004). Welfare is a good and natural occurrence in a mature society, and should be available as much as needed. If society is unable to provide a job, it should provide support; if a member of society is unable to support himself, the government should do so. Difficulties in the application of pure Marxist ideology have led to a broadening of its doctrines. Marxism now represents a variety of ideas and opinions, grouped by their general opposition to the capitalist society. Supporters of these views have watched in dismay as welfare reform has been introduced in various countries, and at the success the US and other countries have had with the adoption of more conservative welfare policies (Barr 2004). The problem with broad application of Marxist theory is that individuals do take advantage. Easy welfare leads to many choosing to receive benefits when they could work, which weakens society. An example of this in our society is the explosion in the numbers of those receiving incapacity benefit; the number has doubled since 1993. It is possible for the unemployed to complain of mental problems say, stress or panic attacks, and be given a life-long sick note (Nelson 2005). Persons claiming incapacity when they are in fact able-bodied, then receiving government support, does not truly benefit anyone in the long term. Well-meaning welfare provisions, such as giving increased benefit to single-parent households, has been shown to contribute to the breakdown of the family structure. An average family pays 5,000 pounds a year more in tax than they receive in benefits. If they break up, they claim 7,000 pounds more in benefits than they pay in tax (Nelson 2005). This serves as a disincentive for the poor to maintain stable family units, further eroding their independence from government support. Marxist theory would contend this is an example of a supposed benefit offered by the dominant class that really serves to oppress the working classes. Conservative theory holds to very different tenets. Conservatives stress the need for social order and the responsibility of the individual (Taylor-Gooby 2004). Traditions, usually based on the values of the majority or dominant segment of society, are important and should be respected if not practised by all members of society (Taylor-Gooby 2004). The emphasis on individuality can also be interpreted as the assumption of inequality, that people have different abilities and motivations, and are therefore more or less able to succeed in society. Advancement is seen in terms of individual decisions and actions, rather than something dictated by society or its institutions (Anon 2005). In regard to welfare, conservative theory minimises the need for welfare programmes, particularly those for the able-bodied unemployed and elderly who chose not to save or plan for their old age. The unemployed on welfare are often seen as lazy and unwilling to work (Johnston 2005). The individuals ability to hold a job and succeed in society rests upon his or her own shoulders, and not working is deemed irresponsible. This opinion, voiced by Fraser Nelson in a recent The Business article, holds that welfare is not saving people from unemployment, but from unpleasant jobs (2005). Conservatives stigmatise welfare recipients, believing the stigma or negative perception by other members of society will facilitate their move off the welfare rolls. This type of mindset, at its best, leads to the creation of jobs programmes and other vehicles to assist the individual in rising above his or her need for welfare (Johnston 2005). The conservative considers individuals who do not take such opp ortunities as unwilling to work or become self-supporting. The social policy of the British government shifted towards conservatism under the Thatcher administration, although still providing a broad welfare programme (Taylor-Gooby 2004). The problem with the conservative perspective is that it fails to fully consider the social, psychological, and economic depravity of certain segments of society or disadvantaged geographical areas. It expects everyone to be able to pull themselves up by their boot-straps, as the saying goes, regardless of whether society has afforded them the means or tools to do so (Barr 2004). Whilst some from a deprived environment will be able to self-equip themselves to the point they can compete, vocationally and other wise, with persons from advantaged backgrounds, this has historically not been the case for the majority. The logic of and benefit to and individual getting off welfare in favour of a menial job is also questionable, at least from the individuals point of view (Johnston 2005). If given the choice between working at a distasteful or unpleasant place or receiving the same monthly support from a welfare programme, many will logically take the welfare. The Centre for Policy Studies notes that A two-parent family with a stay-at-home mother on average income and a mortgage is only four pounds a week better off than a single-parent household reliant entirely on benefits (Nelson 2005). This makes encouraging the single parent to put his or her children in some type of care whilst they work a hard sell. The Marxist and Conservative viewpoints are represented today as left and right wing politically. The left wing supports broad welfare programmes and public provision; it tends to function from a collectivist viewpoint. The Gordon Browns in this camp advocate expanding the current welfare system. The right wing supports only residual welfare, opposing public provision and championing individual responsibility (Anon 2005). The British populace has been progressively moving towards a more centrist view of welfare and public provision, although sweeping reforms are yet to occur (Johnston 2005). This gives rise to a functionalist, or structural consensus theory, attitude towards the future of welfare. Unlike Marxism and Conservatism, Structural Consensus Theory focuses on the functional needs of society, and how society meets these needs (Taylor-Gooby 2004). It offers a future vision of society, based on ideals and agreeable relationships. These ideals include a central value system, holistic social order, stability, and that the functional needs of the society must be met. The focus is on society as a whole rather than the individual. Society is seen as having the right both to define common values and impose them on its members (Anon 2005). This strong social integration leads to social control and stability. The parts and institutions of a society contribute towards meeting the societys functional needs. The cohesion required for these contributions is developed through shared experiences and relationship amongst members and institutions in society (Anon 2005). It then supports aspects of both Marxist and Conservative theory. There is a legitimate, functional need for welfare in society. There will always be some people that are unable to work through no fault of their own. Society has a responsibility for the physically or mentally disabled person, for the widow with small children, for the poor older person who is past the age of employment. It has a responsibility to provide food, clothing, shelter, and schooling to children whose parents cannot or will not do so. These are widely agreed-upon needs. The functionalist sees the institutions of society as both providing for these needs and integrating the individuals receiving support into the broader society. The unemployed on welfare are to be encouraged and included, not stigmatised, because doing so is the best course for returning them to work (Barr 2004). Inequality is not a given, but exists as a possibility. A balance between the responsibilities of society and those of the individual member of society are envisioned in balance. Whether this future balance can be achieved is a contested topic. There is a growing concern about and resistance to immigration into Britain. Immigrants are seen as taking British jobs, for less pay, and sometimes rightfully so. A recent poll showed three-quarters of British citizens believe the number of immigrants should be cut back, up from two-thirds with this opinion in 1995 (Timmins 2004). More people are viewing immigration as a factor in increasing crime and disintegration of quality of community life (Timmins 2004). Some blame welfare recipients unwillingness to work as contributing to the immigration issue. Others foresee cultural changes they oppose as the number of immigrants rise (Johnston 2005). This type of divisive strife does not propel the country toward common values, stability, or social order. It also creates resentment amongst those required to foot the bill for programmes such as welfare, which they begin to see as undermining their way of life (Johnston 2005) . In conclusion, the British welfare state and social policy shifted toward conservatism in the 1980s, and is beginning to experience the effects of a more conservative mindset amongst its citizens. Whether all the tenets of structural consensus theory can be achieved remains to be seen, but the emphasis on focusing on the functional needs of society, and providing systems to meet these needs, will go a long ways toward achieving balance between the responsibility of society to its members and the responsibility of members to be independent contributors to their society. REFERENCES Anon 2005. The politics of welfare. Robert Gordon University Centre for Public Policy and Management [online]. Available at www.2rgu.ac.uk, accessed 28 March 2005. Barr, N., 2004. Economics of the Welfare State. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Johnston, P., 2005. Do we really not want to work? The Daily Telegraph, London, Features section, p. 23, 14 February 2005. Neslon, F., 2005. How pro-poor policies are widening the welfare gap. The Business, 23 January 2005. Taylor-Gooby, P., ed, 2004. New Risks, New Welfare: The Transformation of the European Welfare State. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Timmins, N., 2004. Hardening attitudes to benefits mesh with government policy. The Financial Times, London, National News Politics and Policy section, p. 4, 7 December 2004.

The Beneficiality of Computer :: Essays Papers

The Beneficiality of Computer The Computer The Most Beneficial Invention Over the Last 200 Years From the beginning of our country over 200 years ago until the present time I feel that the most beneficial invention to mankind has been the computer. The computer is beneficial in many different aspects of life such as: education, business, health, and communications. Computers are very beneficial to education in our world today. Computer classes are taught in every school in the United States. They help children get ready for the fast paced world of technology. If you don’t know how to use a computer these days there is a good chance that you will not be able to find a job. The Internet is a great way to access information for research or for general enlightenment. There are also programs such as cd-rom encyclopedias, dictionaries, and novels. There are also programs to help students with math, English, science, or any other school subject you can think of. These days you can even get a master’s degree from an accredited university online. Those are some ways computers are beneficial to education. In this day in age computers are very beneficial in the business world. Without computers many businesses would not be able to function. Businesses rely on computers to keep records, store data, make complex mathematical calculations, and run sophisticated machinery. Computers also provide new business and employment possibilities. They are good for the economy and create many jobs. Through the Internet computers allow companies to do business overseas without having to go by ship or airplane. Those are just some of the many ways computers are beneficial to the business world. In our modern world computers are also very useful to the healthcare industry. Computers help in the research, and manufacture of new drugs and treatments. They run the machines that analyze chemical compounds used in the development of new medicines. Computers are also used in healthcare in hands on applications. They run machines that keep people alive such as heart monitors, respirators, dialysis machines, and prenatal care units. Without computers in the healthcare industry a lot less people would survive their illnesses or accidents. Communication is also an area in which computers have made a profound influence. Computers, with the use of the Internet, can reach people all over the globe free of cost in just a matter of seconds with the use of e-mail.

Study on Indian Apparel Industry

India's textile-apparel industry to touch $223 bn by 2021: Ficci Mumbai: India's total textile and  apparel industry  size both domestic and exports is projected to grow at aCAGR(CAGR is often used to describe the growth over a period of time of some element of the business)  of 9. 5 per cent to reach $223 billion by 2021 from the $89 billion in 2011, according to a white paper by industry body  Ficci  and research firm Technopak. India's total textile and apparel industry size is estimated at $89 billion in 2011 and is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9. 5 per cent to reach $223 billion by 2021. â€Å"The domestic textile and apparel market in India is worth $58 billion and has the potential to grow at a CAG of 9 per cent, to reach $141 billion by 2021,† the white paper on ‘Challenges in Textile and Apparel Industry' said. growing at an annual rate of 10 per cent since 2005. lobal share of textile industry was 4. 5 per cent in 2011 and is expected to be 6 per ce nt in 2016 and 8 per cent in 2021. Globally, apparel industry is expected to grow at a CAGR of 6 per cent. Pest Restoration of zero excise duty on labeled apparels will enable new investors to enter into the garment sector Removal of excise duty on garments is a major boost to the textile industry as a whole, since it will help in increasing the demand for clothing and fabric. * Rationale: Tier II and III cities offer a number of attractions for businesses such as talent pool at a lower cost, sizeable and economical land and real estate options and conducive business environments created by state and local governments. Eg. Ahmedabad and Visakhapatnam attracting 39 per cent and 32 per cent of all investment * Top e-commerce sites eg Jabong & Myntra report 50 pc sales from tier-2 and tier-3 cities

From Modernism to Postmodernism in Art Essay

In order to understand modernism and postmodernism, it is essential to know where the ideas, values and events during these paradigmatic shifts. Essentially, the context of modernism and postmodernism, its ideals and moral imperatives, must be seen in the context that precedes it. This paper seeks to describe the shift from modernity to post-modernity in art and literature by understanding the ideals and imperatives that existed during these periods. A premise for understanding these paradigms in art and literature is to understand the paradigm that it overthrew, and present how historical context provides the logic behind the changes that occurred. The paper is divided into 3 major sections, first of which is a description of the romantic, pre-modernist era and why artists collectively shifted to modernity. Secondly, the utopian ideals and moral imperatives of modernist schools of art and thought are rediscovered. Lastly, the shift to the postmodernist paradigm is explored through the works during the transitions between modernism and postmodernism. Romanticism to Modernism Modernism is arguably a response to the paradigms that precede it, namely Romanticism. Romanticism in art and literature started at the early 19th century as a response to the wars and belief systems during the time. The moral imperatives during the time are concerned with religious iconography in relation to the clamor of states for independence. The imageries in art and literature inculcate these ideals. Art is concerned with propagating virtues that are marriages of the ideas of state and religion. Nationalism, truth and faith are only few of the features of art and literature. Fundamentally, art and literature is laden with symbolisms of greatness and goodness such that nature, radical notions of freedom and equality, reality and reason. Morality is seen as an artist’s virtue. The individual’s subjective experience is at the pedestal of art and literature. The trend is exemplified in Delacroix’s (1830) Liberty Leading the People. It is a lucid presentation of war where the symbolism of liberty is a woman carrying a flag. It is realist in its depiction and shows contrasting imageries of death, destruction and oblivion, on one hand, and of liberty, greatness and collective action of a people for a common good, on the other hand. What became the impetus for change in the prevailing romantic trend in art and literature? The stability of industrial revolution’s growth is not perpetual. Moral imperatives concerned with virtues of truth and spirituality, and the utopian ideals of freedom and equality were challenged by an undercurrent. There is a growing collective restlessness brought by ideas that challenged the status quo. The well-known of these ideas is in the theory of evolution by Charles Darwin that negated the dominant religious thought. Marx also came as a tour de force when he criticized the industrial revolution as fundamentally flawed. State and religion as social forces that are reflected in art and literature were overthrown with the anti-spiritual evolutionism and the anti-industrial/capitalist socialism. Modernism and its Ideals Modernism rose as a challenge to the status quo of romantic art and literature. It is despondent of the prevailing ideals and morals. In reality, modernism is a collective term for rises and falls of different genres of art and literature. Industrial revolution continued but its reflections in art and literature are marred and asymmetrical as opposed to the romantic acceptance of reality during the era that came before it. Industrial revolution is characterized by different emerging philosophies, innovations and scientific discoveries. Art during this time showed that new art styles and movements emerged and sank into oblivion at a moment’s pace. Deliberately, art and literature sought to render the moral imperatives of the status quo as sacrilegious. Artelino (n. d. ) wrote: â€Å"The history of modern art started with Impressionism. It all began in Paris as a reaction to a very formal and rigid style of painting – done inside studios and set by traditional institutions. † At first, the meanings and symbolisms of artworks were critiques to the status quo. However, the evolution of techniques and art genres became a sporadic phenomenon across Europe. Soon enough, the formal rigid styles were overthrown by non-formal and unconventional styles in art and literature. Modern art is quintessentially a movement coming from different vantage points that are experiencing similar historical contexts. In France, the creative process in the studio is scrapped for the environment. This is seen in the impressionist movement started by Claude Monet. Fauvism, using wild colors and taking impressionism to its limits, was championed by Henri Matisse (1905) in his Woman with a Hat. The industrial revolution is also characterized by mass production and consumption. The French developed an art genre that became a critique to mass production itself. Art Nouveau, French for ‘new art’, featured elegance and highly decorative styles and a dedication to natural forms. Artelino (n. d. ) describes that â€Å"(It) was an International art movement. The Germans called it Jugendstil, the Italians Liberty, the Austrians Sezessionsstil and the Spanish Arte joven. Art Nouveau was not restricted to painting or printmaking. It covered all forms of art – architecture, furniture, jewelry, glass and illustration. † Because of Art Nouveau’s high-priced artifacts it is difficult to be mass produced, making it a critique to mass production itself. One example is Horta’s (1898) museum which features Art Nouveau architecture. Victorian influences are overtures of the architecture, which is evidence that modernism is a two-fold response to its historical milieu. On one hand, a critique of the moral imperatives of a modern industrial economic-political system, and also an attempt to look back to more traditional art forms of the previous era. Modernism’s ideals posit a challenge to conventionality and rigidity, form and function of art during the genres that precede it and interestingly, genres within modernism clash and overthrow each other as the dominant art style. One example is art nouveau and art deco’s moral imperatives. While mass production is criticized in art nouveau by going back to fundamentals and looking forward to extravagance, art deco deemed that art must be mass produced. Art deco is simplified and easily mass produced form of art nouveau. Cubism as a modernist genre also criticizes the predominant trend in social institutions and modes of production by drawing influences from African art. This movement is spearheaded by Pablo Picasso (1921) as seen in Three Musicians. While drawing influences on African art, the painting also portrays hints of impressionism, and this is the reason why cubism is also considered as a post-impressionist art genre. This art form also paved the way for minimalism because of its principle of reducing complexities into simpler geometrical representations. Developments in psychology also paved way for surrealism, which is focused on interpreting the subconscious. Surrealist artwork is characterized by a dream-like ambience. Another critique towards modern art is its elite nature. Modern art is characterized by high art, art that is appealing to the elites in the society. Within modernism in art are evaluations to itself. Abstract art is a high art that does not appeal to a majority of people but is critically acclaimed by the high society. During this time, a new movement in modernism took art and mainstreamed it to the masses. This emerging response to abstract art and other forms of high art during modernism is popular art. Pop art challenges the principles of conventional art since it is something that the masses can relate to. Using common icons and symbols are prominent in the works of Andy Warhol (1962) such as Campbell’s Soup series. Pop art embraced advertising and marketing art as fine art, which makes it generally acceptable to everyone. The ethical consideration of pop art is that it is something that must not be monopolized by the high society. It is for everyone and it is seeing art in things that are common. From criticizing industrialization and the issues concerning the modern man, modernist art is also an anti-thesis unto itself. When different genres collide within modernism, new art forms and techniques emerge. Such is the makings of modern art that it spawned groundbreaking genres. Sensibilities of people also reflect the changes that occurred in societies at the time of modern art. Response to Modernism: The Rise of Postmodernism? Postmodernist art is considered a response to modernism. While modernism is about negating tradition and â€Å"discovering radically new ways to make art† (Wikipedia 2007), â€Å"postmodernism describes movements which both arise from, and react against or reject, trends in modernism† (Krauss, 1986). Postmodernism is making use of â€Å"pastiche and discontinuity† instead of taking reference of spontaneity and direct expression (Harrison and Wood, 1992). Postmodernist art divorces itself from moral imperatives and ideals per se. It is intrinsically questioning both variables in art itself. Postmodernism destroys boundaries of high art and low art while at the same time challenging the notion of what art is. Wikipedia (2007) describes postmodernist art as: â€Å"one that rejects modernism’s grand narratives of artistic direction, eradicating the boundaries between high and low forms of art, and disrupting genre’s conventions with collision, collage, and fragmentation. Postmodern art holds that all stances are unstable and insincere, and therefore irony, parody, and humor are the only positions that cannot be overturned by critique or revision. † Surprisingly, the boundary between late modernism and postmodernism is a grey area where post modern art are sometimes considered late modern, and vice versa. Post modern art believes that there is nothing new or avant garde, and it debunks artistic genius and beauty itself. It confuses, because the objective is subjective and subjectivity is confusing itself. It promotes ideologies while debunking it altogether. Conclusion The shift from modernity to postmodernism is reflective of the changes that occurred in post-conflict, post-industrial, post-ideological world we live in. It represents globalization in its redefinition of identities and its ideals are far from utopian. Moral imperatives are thrown altogether in so far as art and its traditions are concerned. Moreover, it does not conform to black and white, good and evil or beautiful and ugly distinctions that were features of art itself. But post modern art is not devoid of moral imperatives and ideals. The ideals and morality within postmodernism is a realization of the non-existence of such notions of utopia and grandeur. References: Artelino (n. d. ) Modern Art Movements. Retrieved March 14, 2008 from < http://www. artelino. com/articles/modern_art_periods. asp> Delacroix, E (1830) Liberty Leading the People. 102. 4 ? 128. 0 in Louvre, Paris. Oil painting. Harrison and Wood (1992). Art in Theory. 1900-2000: An Anthology of Changing Ideas. Blackwell Publishing. Krauss, R. E. (1986) The originality of the avant garde and other modernist myths. MIT Press. Reprinted July 1986, Part 1 , Modernist Myths. Matisse, Henri. (1905) Woman with a Hat. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Painting. Picasso, P. (1921)Three Musicians. New York: Museum of Modern Art. Oil Painting on Canvas. Warhol, A. (1962) Campbell’s Soup Cans. 20 ? 16 inches. Museum of Modern Art. (32 synthetic polymer paint on canvas series displayed by year of introduction) Wikipedia (2007). Postmodern art. Wikipedia. Org. retrieved March 14, 2008 from < http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Postmodern_art#_ref-Harrison1014_0>

Lee Kuan Yew

GFPP 2023 Politics of South-East Asia Topic: Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew Group :B Members’ Names : Chan Xin Ying 214765 Muganthini A/P Kumaran 214956 Ranjani A/P Selvarajan 214951 Teaw Zhen Sheng 215070 Lim Chia Min 214919 Leong Siew Fui 214882 Lau Shie Yin 214853 Tan Kwee Lyn 214762 Chiew Guat Ying 214929 Mehala A/P Gopalakrishan 214972 Lecturer Name : Professor Patit Paban Mishra GFPP 2023 Politics of South-East Asia Topic: Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew Group :B Members’ Names : Chan Xin Ying 214765 Muganthini A/P Kumaran 214956 Ranjani A/P Selvarajan 214951 Teaw Zhen Sheng 215070Lim Chia Min 214919 Leong Siew Fui 214882 Lau Shie Yin 214853 Tan Kwee Lyn 214762 Chiew Guat Ying 214929 Mehala A/P Gopalakrishan 214972 Lecturer Name : Professor Patit Paban Mishra Pg 1 Pg1-5 Pg 5-7 Pg 8-10 Pg 7-8 Pg 9 Pg 9-10 Pg 10-15 Pg 10-12 Pg 12-14 Pg 14-15 Pg15 Pg 15-18 Pg 18 Pg 1 Pg1-5 Pg 5-7 Pg 8-10 Pg 7-8 Pg 9 Pg 9-10 Pg 10-15 Pg 10-12 Pg 12-14 Pg 14-15 Pg15 Pg 15-18 Pg 18 Contents 1) Introduction 2) The Economy Policy Under Lee Kuan Yew 3) Creating a Clean Government in Singapore 4) Reshuffling the society, creating a fair not welfare society i) Greening Singapore ii) Many tongues, one language ii) Rule and Law iv) Fighting on Traffic Congestion 5) Regional and International Policies and Relation under Lee Kuan Yew i) ASEAN- Malaysia ii) China iii) Japan iv) United States 6) Comparison between Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir Mohamad 7) Conclusion 8) Attachments 9) References Introduction Singapore the streets are now sparkling clean, and the city runs like clockwork. Singapore is a leading financial center, and boasts an impressive skyline that is easily recognizable. Among other things, Singapore's public transportation and education systems are consistently rated highly in international rankings.Singapore is also known as a clean and green city, and at least some of this can be attributed to Lee's tough stance against chewing gum and littering. Singapore is not o nly good in this aspects but its really good in economical wise too. Singapore’ success in economic and social development in recent decades has been due to pragmatic policies and general public acceptance of a limited government role in such areas as health, social security. Southeast Asia has developed considerably over the past half-century, but Singapore has leaped even further ahead of her much larger and well-endowed neighbors.All this credits should be directed to the prime minister of Singapore who is the great man Lee Kuan Yee. He is widely credited as the architect behind Singapore's remarkable transformation from third-world country to first in just under a generation. Lee Kuan Yew was born in Singapore on 16th September 1923, a third generation descendant of immigrants from China’s Guangdong province. He read law at Cambridge University, England. In 1954, he formed the People’s Action Party. Five years later, his party won the Singapore general elect ion and he became prime minister at 35.In November 1990, he assumed the post of senior minister. I) The Economy Policy under Lee Kuan Yew Anyone who predicted in 1965 when Singapore seperated from Malaysia that Singapore would become a financial centre would have been thought been thought mad. However, it had become a reality, till now, it is a normal sight to see the gleaming modern offices in the city centre with banks of computers linking Singapore with London, New York,Tokyo, Frankfurt, Hong Kong and other major financial centre in the world. Singapore is considered one of the world's great cities, comparable to New York, London and Hong Kong.Unlike Hong Kong, Singapore could neither ride on the reputation of the City of London, an established financial centre with its long history of international banking, nor depend on the backing of the Bank of England. In 1968, Singapore was still a third world country. Foreign bankers needed to be assured of stable social conditions, a good working and living environment, efficient infrastructure and a pool of skilled and adaptable professionals. In 1965, both Lee Kuan Yao and Goh Keng Swee had decided, soon after independence, that Singapore should not have a central bank which could issue currency and create money.Lee Kuan Yew had determined not to let Singapore dollar’s currency to lose its value against the strong currencies of the big nations such as the U. S. The MAS( Monetary Authority of Singapore) which is in charge of supervising the bank industry, has been given all the authority to issue currency notes and also keep pace with developments in financial services. Lee had to fight every inch of the way to establish in Singapore’s integrity, competence and judgment. Lee Kuan Yew made a modest start with an offshore Asian dollar market, the counterpart of the Eurodollar market .In the early years from 1968 to 1985, Singapore under the governance of Lee Kuan Yew, had managed to attract internationa l financial institutions by abolishing withholding tax on interest income earned by non-resident depositors. The economy in the 1980s under Lee Kuan Yew rested on five major sectors: the regional entreport trade; export-oriented manufacturing; petroleum refining and shipping; production of goods and services for the domestic economy; and the provision of focused services for the international market, such as banking and finance, telecommunications, and tourism.The outstanding growth of manufacturing in the 1970s and 1980s had a major impact on the economy and the society, but tended to obscure what carried over from the economic structure of the past. Singapore's economy always depended on international trade and on the sale of services. An entrepot was essentially a provider of services such as wholesaling, warehousing, sorting and processing, credit, currency exchange, risk management, ship repair and provisioning, business information, and the adjudication of commercial disputes. In this perspective, which focused on exchange and processing, the 1980s assembly of electronic components and manufacture of precision optical instruments were evolutionary steps from the nineteenth century sorting and grading of pepper and rubber. Both processes used the skills of Singaporeans to add value to commodities that were produced elsewhere and destined for consumption outside the city-state. A former colonial trading port serving the regional economies of naval Southeast Asia, Singapore in the 1990s aspired to be a â€Å"global city† serving world markets and major multinational corporations.A quarter century after independence in 1965, the city-state had become a manufacturing center with one of the highest incomes in the region and a persistent labor shortage. As one of Asia's four â€Å"little dragons† or newly industrializing economies. Singapore along with the Republic of Korea (South Korea), Taiwan, and Hong Kong was characterized by an export-oriente d economy, relatively equitable income allocation, trade surpluses with the United States and other developed countries, and a common legacy of Chinese civilization and Confucian values.The small island had no resources other than its strategic location and the skills of its nearly 2. 7 million people. In 1988 it claimed a set of economic superlatives, including the world's busiest port, the world's highest rate of annual economic growth (11 percent), and the world's highest savings rate (42 percent of income). As Prime Minister of Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew presided over an exponential increase in Singapore's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) from US$704 million in 1960 to US$38 billion in 1990. This figure currently stands at US$222 billion, or over 300 times its level in 1960.Adjusting for cost of living differences, Singapore's GDP per capita was ranked 3rd globally by the International Monetary Fund in 2010. Few countries have grown so rapidly, and Singapore's economic success has been widely hailed by international observers. The city-state Lee inherited in 1959 was very different from the Singapore of today. Another of Lee's significant contributions is his establishment of the Government Investment Corporation (GIC) of Singapore in 1981 to manage Singapore's foreign reserves. The exact size of Singapore's reserves is not known, but it is estimated to be one of the world's top ten largest in size.These reserves have allowed Singapore to defend her currency and maintain exchange rate stability even during the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997-8. No bank in Singapore faltered. Lee Kuan Yew leaves behind a culture that prizes meritocracy and has no tolerance for corruption. He introduced legislation to strengthen the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB), and more controversially, proposed in 1994 that the salaries of ministers and top civil servants should be linked to top professionals in the private sector to maintain a clean and honest government.Lee curr ently draws an annual salary of over US$3 million. In the 2011 Corruption Perception Index compiled by Transparency International, experts at ten independent institutions including the World Bank and Economist Intelligence Unit ranked Singapore the least corrupt country in the world. Lee Kuan Yew says a major reason for Singapore's economic achievements is its political stability. He attributes much of this to the dominant role of the People's Action Party (PAP), which he co-founded in 1954. Despite the praise lavished on Mr.Lee for his economic accomplishments, many have criticized his approach against political dissent. Singapore’s economy under Lee Kuan Yew, had been said to achieve miracle. A small country that separated from Malaysia, it had reached to be one of the larger financial centres of the world, with its foreign exchange market ranking fourth in size after London, New York and only slightly behind Tokyo. Lee Kuan Yew had lead Singapore as the high-tech leader of Southeast Asia, the commercial entrepot, the scientific centre.Singapore now plays a major role in the politics and economics of Southeast Asia and beyond. II)Creating A Clean Government in Singapore When Lee Kuan Yew’s political party took over office in 1959, the government set out to have a clean administration. Lee Kuan Yew’s government had a deep sense of mission to establish a clean and effective government. When they took the oath of office at the ceremony in the city council chamber in June 1959, Lee Kuan Yew and the rest of the parliament all wore white shirts and white slacks to symbolize purity and honesty in their personal behavior and their public life.Lee Kuan Yew’s government make sure that from the day they took office in June 1959 that every dollar in revenue would be properly accounted for and would reach the beneficiaries at the grass roots as one dollar, without being siphoned off along the way. So from the beginning, special attentions were given to the areas where discretionary powers had been exploited for personal gain and sharpened the instruments that could prevent, detect or deter such practices.The principle agency charged with this task was the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) set up by the British un 1952 in order to deal with corruption, especially at lower and middle levels of the police, hawker inspectors and land bailiffs who had to take action against the many who broke the law by occupying public roads for illegal hawking, or state land for building their squatter huts. These inspectors could either issue a summons or look the other way for an appropriate bribe. In 1960, the outdated 1937 anti-corruption law was changed and widened the definition of gratuity to include anything of value.The amendments gave wide powers to investigators, including arrest and search and investigation of bank accounts and bank books of suspected persons and their wives, children or agents. There was no need to prove that the person who received bribe was in a position to carry out the required favour. In 1960, a change was made to allow the courts to treat proof that an accused was living beyond his means or had property his income could not explain as corroborating evidence that accused had accepted or obtained a bribe.With a keen nose to the ground and the power to investigate every officer and every minister, the director of the CPIB, working from the Prime Minister’s Office, developed a justly formidable reputation for sniffing out those betraying the public trust. In 1963, it was made as compulsory for witnesses summoned by the CPIB to present themselves to give information. The maximum fine for corruption was increased from $10,000 to $100,000 in 1989. Giving false or misleading information to the CPIB became an offence subject to imprisonment and a fine up to $10,000, and the courts were empowered to confiscate the benefits derived from corruption.Corruptions used to be orga nized in large scale in certain areas. In 1971, the CPIB broke up a syndicate of over 250 mobile squad policemen who received payments ranging from S$5 to S$10 per month from lorry sides of the lorries. Those owners who refused to pay would be constantly harassed by having summonses issued against them. The Institution of Management Development’s World Competitiveness Yearbook 1997 ranked the least corrupt countries in the whole world giving 10 points as the perfect score for the country with no corruption.Singapore was ranked as the least corrupt country in Asia with a score of 9. 18 ahead of Hong Kong, Japan and Taiwan. Transparency International which based in Berlin, placed Singapore in seventh place worldwide in 1998 for absence of corruption. III)Reshuffling the society: Disciplining ethnics, and creating a fair, not welfare society I) Greening Singapore After independence, Lee Kuan Yew had searched for some dramatic ways to distinguished Singapore from other Third Worl d Countries and finally he opt the path for a clean and green Singapore, as an oasis in Southeast Asia.Besides improving physical infrastructure, Lee Kuan Yew also stated the importance to improve the rough and ready ways of people. He identified the reasons of littering laid on unlicensed hawkers who sell food on the pavements and streets in total disregard of traffic. He also was alerted about the problem created by â€Å"pirate taxi† which ruined the bus services. In the 1970s, Lee Kuan Yew’s government had created many jobs and enforce the law and reclaimed the streets. Food hawkers were licensed and moved towards proper hawker center with piped water, sewers and garbage disposal.By early 1980s, nearly all hawkers were resettled. Lee Kuan Yew’s attempt on transforming Singapore into a tropical garden city was successful. Millions of trees , palms and shrubs were planted and the green eventually raised the morale of the people as well as pride for their surro undings. Children were educated in schools by getting themselves to plant trees, growing it in growth garden, and the message is brought to their parents. Singapore green society was admired by leaders of other nations such as Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, who greened Kuala Lumpur after Singapore’s visit. President Suharto who greens Jakarta and also President Marcos in Manila. Lee Kuan Yew had managed to clean up the Singapore River and Kallang Basin and bring fish back to water, which was a massive engineering job. Underground sewers were laid for the whole island and people were moved from 3000 backyard and cottage industry and resettled in industrial estates with sullages traps for oil and waste. Lee also deal with air and sound pollutions in Singapore, urging all factories to landscape their grounds and plant trees before they could commerce operations.From the 1970s, to save youngsters from nasty and dangerous addiction, Lee Kuan Yew took action to banned all advertising on cigarettes, â€Å"Smoke-Free Week† was launched every year. A ban on chewing gum brought Singapore much ridicule in America. Vandals stuck chewing gum onto sensors of the doors of MRT trains and services were disrupted. Soon the ban was executed, the nuisance was greatly reduced. II) Many tongues, one language Lee Kuan Yew realized that English had to be Singapore’s language of the workplace and the common language.He stated that as an international community, neither Malay, Chinese nor Tamil could be used. In order to achieve this, Lee Kuan Yew had introduced teaching three mother tongues, Malay, Mandarin and Tamil in English schools and to balance this English was also introduced in Chinese, Malay and Indian school. Malay and Indians welcomed the policy but Chinese had made an opposition stand and expressed their unhappiness to the press, particularly from Chinese language Nanyang Universiti and Ngee Ann College.As a result Lee Kuan Yew had merged both Nantah and Uni versity of Singapore to become National University of Singapore, and made all Chinese schools switch to English as their main language of instruction and Chinese as the second language. However, in order to preserve the discipline, self confidence and Confucian values that instilled in students, Lee Kuan Yew had preserve the best nine of the Chinese schools under special assistance plan or SAP.The SAP schools were provided with additional teachers to enable pupils to learn English and Chinese through special immersion programmes and successfully retained the formality, discipline and social courtesies of traditional Chinese schools. â€Å" Speak Mandarin† campaign was launched for a month every year to encourage Chinese to use Mandarin instead of dialect. III) Rule and Law Law and order provide the framework for stability and development. Trained in law, Lee Kuan Yew had imbibed the principle of equality of all before the law for the proper functioning of a society.Soon after becoming the prime minister in 1959, Lee Kuan Yew had abolished the jury system for all cases except murder. Lee Kuan Yew did not accept the theory that a criminal is a victim of the society. Lee Kuan Yew had found canning more effective than long prison terms and imposed it for crimes related to drugs, arms trafficking, rape, illegal entry into Singapore and vandalizing of public property. These measures had made for law and order in Singapore. Singapore was rated No. 1 by the World Economic Forum’s Global Competitiveness Report 1997, as a country where â€Å" organized crime does not impose significant costs on businesses†.The international Institute for Management Development in their World Competitiveness Yearbook 1997 also rated Singapore No. 1 for security, â€Å" where there is full confidence among people that their person and property is protected†. IV) Fighting on Traffic Congestion By 1975 traffic jams in Singapore is unbearable. Incomes were increas ing and the number of cars registered yearly was rising exponentially. To cope this problem, Lee Kuan Yew settled on a scheme whereby a person had to bid for a certificate of entitlement (COE) to use a new car for 10 years which proved effective in limiting the yearly vehicle increase to 3 percent.Lee also decided on underground mass rapid transmit (MRT) and introduced the electronic road pricing (ERP). Every vehicle now has a â€Å"smart card† at its windscreen, and the correct toll is automatically deducted every time it passes under gantries sited at strategic points in the city. Since the amount a person pays the government now depends upon how much he uses the roads, the optimum number of cars can be owned with the minimum of congestion. IV) Regional and International Policies and Relation under Lee Kuan Yew (I) ASEANSingapore had sought the understanding and support of its neighbours in enhancing stability and security in the region. Lee Kuan Yew had stated that ASEAN w ere banding together more for political objectives, stability and security other than ASEAN’s declared objectives on economic, social and cultural. Lee Kuan Yew had played a major role in ASEAN. When Australia tried to change its civil aviation rules in 1978, the Australians planned to excluded Singapore and other ASEAN capitals from airline intermediate stops.Lee Kuan Yew concluded that Boeing 747s flying from Australia to Europe would need to stop either in Singapore, Kuala Lumpur or Bangkok en route to London. Lee Kuan Yew set out to keep Malaysians and the Thais on their side. Lee Kuan Yew wrote to Thai Prime Minister General Kriangshak in January 1979 that Australia’s move was â€Å"blatantly protectionist† and successfully gave concessions to both Thailand and Malaysia airlines. In the end, ASEAN’s solidarity won the fight and Singapore under Lee Kuan Yew’s effort finally made Australia agreed to let Singapore Airlines retain its capacity and outing into Australia and allowed the other ASEAN airlines to increase their capacities. Lee Kuan Yew also played an active role in Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia, which Lee Kuan Yew, tried hard to persuade and ensure the United States to remain interest in the region, and managed to persuade U. S to give modest aid to the two non-communist resistance forces. Malaysia and Singapore Since Singapore’s independence from the Federation of Malaysia in 1965, the bilateral relationship between Singapore and Malaysia has been described as symbiotic and interdependent.There remains a high degree of economic and social inter-dependence between the two countries. However, mutual beneficial relationship has been marred by a number of problems that threaten this cooperation. 1) Water Issue Malaysia provides Singapore with about half its water and wants to renegotiate two agreements which date back to the 1960s. Malaysia has argued that it has a right to review the price of raw water u nder the current agreements while the Singapore Government has argued that Malaysia missed its chance to review prices in the mid-1980s.Until now, both countries still failed to resolve this issue although many round of negotiations has been done. 2) Pulau Batu Putih (Pedra Branca) Issue Pulau Batu Putih is small island rocky island located 8 miles off the eastern coast of Johor and 28 miles off the eastern coast of Singapore. It is an island which Singapore has occupied and exercised full sovereignty over for more than 130 years since the 1840s without any protest from Malaysia. In 1979, Malaysia for the first time published a new map which included the island of Pedra Branca in its territory.The dispute began in 1979 and was largely resolved by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 2008, which finalized that Pedra Branca belonged to Singapore. Despite the differences in the approaches taken by both countries in resolving their bilateral issues, Malaysia and Singapore are sti ll mutually dependent on each other. The role of the leaders of Malaysia and Singapore are crucial in determining the future relations between the two countries. Efforts to nurture good relations must continue and personal contacts involving leaders and government officials of both countries must continually be encouraged. II) China When Singapore separated from Malaysia, Lee Kuan Yew had announced that Singapore would trade and relationship with all countries including China. But, Singapore realized that it was undesirable and impossible for Singapore to establish diplomatic relations with People’s Republic of China because Singapore is situated in Southeast Asia, an area surrounded by some anti-Chinese country. Firstly, Singapore abstained from voting on the Albanian Resolution because of the tense relations between its neighbor and PRC at the years between 1966 and 1970.Secondly, to maintain trading with the PRC, Singapore allows the Bank of China as the semi-official repr esentative to continue its business in Singapore. In fact, Bank of China facilitated the trade between PRC and Singapore because the trade with PRC was quite important for Singapore. However, the relation with PRC was concerned, there are marred by the Bank of China incident in which the bank was prosecuted by Singapore by failing to obey a banking law in 1969. People’s Republic of China began to pursue an active foreign policy of befriending countries in the Third World.The PRC had grown interest in the region by halt in attacking Singapore and Malaysia. It was also illustrated by exchange visit between PRC and some ASEAN countries. The exchange visits between Singapore and the PRC, notably two visits by Lee Kuan Yew to the PRC in 1976 and 1980 and one visit by Deng Xiaoping to Singapore in 1978. With this exchange visit, no doubt will also enable the two countries to have a better understanding of each other’s foreign and domestic policies.Since the PRC had expressed its desire to have diplomatic ties with ASEAN, Singapore was holding back by making known to others that it will be the last ASEAN country to do so. Lee Kuan Yew said about the timing of Singapore’s diplomatic relations with the PRC because that 75 percent of Singapore’s population is Chinese who does not subordinate Singapore’s interest in foreign policy or domestic policies. Other than that, the Singapore still face the formidable task of building a national identity for its people may dilute Singapore’s interest in establishing an embassy in PRC.According to the last census in 1970, 14. 8 percent of Chinese population came directly from China. The numbers of these people still have family ties with their kin’s in the China. So that during Deng Xiaoping’s visit to Singapore in 1978, he reiterate to Singapore about that the Chinese in Singapore were Singaporean and not overseas Chinese. Nevertheless, Singapore was more confidence in loyalt y of the citizens and has relaxed visits to PRC for Singaporeans. This confidence was also expressed by Lee Kuan Yew when he said in 1977 that people who had gone to the PRC would come back and kiss the soil of Singapore.During Lee Kuan Yew visit to China in 1980, he suggests that PRC if not instigated and incited the people to the revolution; it will tone down the support for the strain relations with ASEAN states in the future. Singapore was postponing the establishment of diplomatic ties with PRC and waiting for Indonesia. Once Indonesia re-establishes its ties with PRC, most likely the Singapore will follow suit. However Lee Kuan Yew had stated that China has the potential to realize its goal and become one of the major players in the world.If it is not deflected from its present concentration on education and economic development, China could well be the second largest, if not the largest , trading nation in the world, with greater weight and voice in international affairs. (II I) Japan During his years as prime minister, Lee Kuan Yew encourages Japan investment in Singapore. When Prime Minister Sato visited Singapore, Lee Kuan Yew had told him that publicly that Singaporeans had no inhibitions over Japan capital, technology and expertise, that Japan was set to lead the rest of Asia to greater industrialization.Later, Singapore Economic Development Board had set an office in Tokyo and Lee Kuan Yew managed to use more than three year time to persuade Seiko to build a watch factory in Singapore. Like any other Asian countries, Lee Kuan Yew treated Japan as a role model to success. Lee Kuan Yew had asked Singapore’s Public Utilities Board officials to study how Japanese could be so successful in energy saving. Lee Kuan Yew also learnt from the Japanese the importance of increasing productivity through worker-manager cooperation, and a National Productivity Board (NPB) was formed in Singapore in the year 1972.Lee Kuan Yew had sincere on the will of lear ning from the Japanese, in 1980 he had sent officials from his ministry for trade and industry to visit their counterparts in Japan’s formidable ministry for international trade and industry (MITI) which had create the course for Japan’s post-war industrial progress. MITI’s advice to Singapore’s officials that Singapore’s geographic position and environment to prepare for a possible role as a center of knowledge and information. Lee Kuan Yew took their advice to heart and redoubled Singapore’s emphasis on the teaching of sciences, mathematics and computers in all schools.The whole government administration were computerized in order to set the pace for the private sectors. ( IV) United States During Lee Kuan Yew’s era, Singapore relations with the United States were pleasant. Trade with the United States had increased substantially especially with the latter as Singapore became a supply center for the United States in its increasing i nvolvement in Indochina. By the 1980s, the United States had become Singapore’s most important trading partner and, as such, crucial to country’s welfare. Comparison between Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir MohamadLee Kuan Yew had successfully transformed Singapore, which was once a poor, decrepit colony, into a shining, rich and modern metropolis. Dr Henry A. Kissinger had addressed Lee Kuan Yew as a seminal figure of Asia and possesses a great interest in developing his country. There’s one man who possesses similar confidence and vision in developing his own nations. Mahathir Mohammad, who had been said as the match of Lee Kuan Yew. Although both leaders’ period as Prime Minister only overlapped only for 9 years (1981-1990), both are always being compared, and known as match for each other.Over Mahathir’s 22 years as prime minister, the leader had patchy relations with Lee Kuan Yew. Both went authoritarian and want the best for their country. Despite t he achievement of Lee Kuan Yew in transforming Singapore, Mahathir Mohamad also turned the Muslim-majority Southeast Asia country, Malaysia into one of the developing world’s most successful economies. Both leaders had undeniable sucess and contributions for their very own country. Both Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir Mohammad value and admire Japan’s success.These can be seen through Mahathir’s Look East Policy and Lee Kuan Yew’s memoir â€Å"The Singapore Stories† which praised Japan’s paradigm in catching up to the West. Both leaders tried to learn the Japanese and adopted similar measures wherever practical. However, in terms ofthe western countries especially the U. S, differences again was seen between two leaders. Lee Kuan Yew tended to gain good relations with western countries such as Australia, New Zealand, United States and Britain.Lee Kuan Yew had aligned Singapore with west since Cold War and earned friendship with Henry A. Kissinger. According to Lee, regional solidarity and international could be gained through U. S and western Europe support. Now, Singapore developed diplomatic relationship with China, but the country was still befriending the west like old days. As for Mahathir Mohamad, it was a different story. Abrasive and outspoken, Mahathir emerged as the Third World champion and Islamic spokesman by condemning the West.Mahathir's record of curbing civil liberties and his antagonism to western diplomatic interests and economic policy made his relationships with the likes of the US, Britain and Australia difficult Even though as the biggest source of the country’s foreign investment, Mahathir has always been an outspoken critic of the United States regarding many issues including the APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation). Mahathir encourages modernization without taking to westernize. Even after his retirement, critics on western never stop, particularly on the United States.For instance, he had urged the world's 1. 3 billion Muslims to boycott Dutch products following the release of the anti-Islam movie Fitna by the Dutch politician Geert Wilders, it was reported on 30 March 2008. Both Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir Mohamad had been the father of modernization of their country. Lee Kuan Yew had successfully turned Singapore from third world to first. Annual per capita income has grown from less than $1000 at the time of independence to nearly $30000 today. Singapore is the most successful and leading ahead among Southeast Asia countries.Although not as improve as Singapore, Malaysia under Mahathir’s hand, had experienced rapid modernization and economic growth, and his government initiated a series of bold infrastructure projects. For his efforts to promote the economic development of the country, Mahathir has been granted the soubriquet of Bapa Pemodenan (Father of Modernization). Mahathir had successfully introduced Malaysia to the world. By raising living standards a nd winning international acclaim, he contributed to a sense of national identity, pride and confidence among ethnically diverse Malaysians.Both Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir Mohamed had similar vision in improving their countries. But due to different issues faced by both leaders, point of views diverse according to situation. Lee Kuan Yew who had been educated in Britain may adopted more western ways while for Mahathir who experienced Britain â€Å"divide and rule† policy, and seen Malay to be abandon behind during that time, possesses anger towards the west and sentiments for the Malays in order to lead them to better standard of living.Lee Kuan Yew, as a firm man, although known as authoritarian from some views, had gathered around himself the most brilliant minds and gain his subordinates supports, such as Goh Keng Swee. He managed to clean Singapore’s government. Mahathir, being impatient and authoritarian, had jailed opponents, sacked rivals and undermined institutio ns as he pursued his obsession with development. Being ambitious, Mahathir built the KLIA airport, Petronas Twin Towers and also started Proton consistent with his â€Å" Malaysia Boleh†( Malaysia can) propaganda.Both leaders played an important role in their country’s development and their contribution could not be measured. Conclusion Singapore’s success always ties with Lee Kuan Yew. More than forty years ago, Lee Kuan Yew transformed what was a poor, decrepit colony into a shining, rich and modern metropolis. All time surrounded by hostile powers, with his brilliant, incisive intellect, he is one of the world’s most outspoken and respected statesman. For Lee Kuan Yew, every great achievement is a dream before it becomes reality, and his vision was a state that would not simply survive but prevail by excelling.Superior intelligence, discipline and ingenuity would substitute for resources. Lee Kuan Yew summoned his compatriots to a duty they had never p reviously perceived: first to clean up their city, then to dedicate it to overcome the initial hostility of their neighbours and their own ethnic divisions by superior performance. The Singapore today is his testament. It is the high-tech leader of Southeast Asia. The contributions of Lee Kuan Yew could not be denied, this man had created what was known as impossible in the past and proved to the world, nothing would be impossible.Attachments Attachments Premier Wen Jiabao shakes hands with Singaporean Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew during a meeting on Friday in Beijing at Zhongnanhai, the headquarters of China's central authorities. The two sides discussed Sino-Singaporean relations and issues of common concern. Lee arrived in Beijing on Wednesday for an eight-day visit at the invitation of the Chinese Government. Lee Kuan Yew (middle) meets with U. S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and Singapore's Ambassador to the U. S. Chan Heng Chee in 2000.Lee Kuan Yew (middle) meets with U. S. Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen and Singapore's Ambassador to the U. S. Chan Heng Chee in 2000. Lee Kuan Yew and Tunku Abdul Rahman. Lee Kuan Yew and Tunku Abdul Rahman. Lee Kuan Yew and Yitzak Rabin Lee Kuan Yew and Yitzak Rabin Lee receives the Order of Friendship from Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 15 November 2009 in Singapore. Lee receives the Order of Friendship from Russian President Dmitry Medvedev on 15 November 2009 in Singapore. Lee Kuan Yew and President Obama Lee Kuan Yew and President ObamaSINGAPORE (AFP) – Singapore’s founding father Lee Kuan Yew has urged local Muslims to â€Å"be less strict on Islamic observances† to aid integration and the city-state’s nation-building process. SINGAPORE (AFP) – Singapore’s founding father Lee Kuan Yew has urged local Muslims to â€Å"be less strict on Islamic observances† to aid integration and the city-state’s nation-building process. Lee Kuan Yew and Maha thir Mohamad Lee Kuan Yew and Mahathir Mohamad President George W. Bush welcomes Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore to the Oval Office Monday, Oct. 16,2006President George W. Bush welcomes Minister Mentor Lee Kuan Yew of Singapore to the Oval Office Monday, Oct. 16,2006 References Lee Kuan Yew. 1998. Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Singapore Story. Singapore. Times Editions Pte Ltd Lee Kuan Yew. 2000. Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew: The Singpore Story ( 1965-2000) From Third World To First. Singapore. Times Media Private Limited N. Ganesan. (1999). Bilateral Tension in Post-Cold War ASEAN. Pacific Strategic Papers. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS). p. 38 Singapore Development Policies and Trends, Edited by Peter S.J. Chen, Oxford University Press 1983. Retrieved on 13th March 2012 from http://nasranrushdi9. blogspot. com/2010/09/tun-dr-mahathir-membidas-lee-kuan-yew. html Retrieved on 16th March 2012 from http://article. wn. com/view/2011/11/06/Singapores_Lee Ret rieved on 23th March 2012 from http://kickdefella. net/2011/01/ Retrieved on 25th March 2012 from http://www. singaporedemocrat. org/articlecheeWMD Retrieved on 25th March 2012 from http://english. peopledaily. com. cn/200605/13/archive. html Retrieved on 26th March 2012 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew